AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ - AC adapter

๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ฝ˜์†” ์šฉ "๋ฒฝ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€"์œ ํ˜• AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ
Lenovo ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ ์šฉ AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ
๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ

AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ , AC / DC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ , ๋˜๋Š” AC / DC ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ [1] ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ์ข… ์ „์› ์ข…์ข… ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ, AC ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ . ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ ํŒฉ , ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ์ธ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ , ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ก , ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ , ๋ผ์ธ ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ , ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€ , ์ „์› ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜ ์šฉ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๋ช… ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” rechargers (์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ). AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•„์š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์•• ์—์„œ ์ „์› ์ฃผ ์ „์›์„ . ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜ ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋Š” ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ง€ ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด, ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ• ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ -powered ์žฅ๋น„.

์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์—†์ด ๋ฒŒํฌ ์ „์› ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๋А ์ „์› ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํœด๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ง€ ์†Œ์ •์˜ ์ „์›์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ; ๋™์ผํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 120VAC ๋˜๋Š” 230VAC ์ฃผ์ „์›, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ 120 ๋˜๋Š” 240V ์ฃผ์ „์›์€ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ์ฝ˜์„ผํŠธ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž‘๋™ ๋ชจ๋“œ

๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋น„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์„ ํ˜• DC ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋œ AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ : ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์˜ 4 ๊ฐœ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋ฐ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ํ‰ํ™œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ

๋ณธ๋ž˜, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ AC / DC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ์„ ํ˜• ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํ•จ์œ  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ €์ „์••ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์„ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ DC ๋งฅ๋™ ์ž”์ฐจ์™€ DC์˜ ๋งฅ๋™ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ํ‰ํ™œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ, ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„๋งŒํผ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์› ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ „์› ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.. ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ช‡ ์™€ํŠธ ์ด์ƒ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜์„ผํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ „์••์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜• ์ „์•• ์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์—ด๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

21 ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜, SMPS ( Switched-Mode Power Supply )๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ๋น„์ฟผํ„ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ „์› ์ „์••์€ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์—์„œ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฅ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์€ ์ฃผ์ „์› ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜; ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐˆ๋ฐ”๋‹‰ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์ „ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ˆ์ „์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .

์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• (์˜ˆ : 220โ€“240 VAC)์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ (์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 50 ๋˜๋Š” 60Hz)์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜; ๋‹จ์ผ 100โ€“240VAC ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ „ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹คํŒจ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ , ์งง์€ ์ฃผ ์ „์› ๊ณผ์ „์•• (๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ „์› ํšŒ๋กœ ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์—ด๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•จ ), ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(ESR) ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ESR์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ด์ „ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๋กœ๋„ ์ „ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). ์ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR, ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ, ํŽ„์Šค ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐ ์˜จ๋„ ์ •๊ฒฉ์—์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [2]

๋งŽ์€ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ / ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์†, ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ๋ฌด์„  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RF ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์–‘์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 1 ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ค‘ํŒŒ (US AM) ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 100 ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ FM ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋Œ€์—ญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹  ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ˜• AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ  ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ Wi-Fi ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋„ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„  ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ญ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฒ”์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

์žฅ์ 

์™ธ๋ถ€ AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ์ „์ž ์žฅ์น˜์— ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์•ˆ์ „ โ€“ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œํ’ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „์•• ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ ์ „์••์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์› ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ, ์ข…์ข… ๋™์ถ• ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ) ์ธํด๋กœ์ € ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ „์••์„ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ํŒŒ์†๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์—ด ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€“ ์—ด์€ ์ „์ž ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ ์—ด์›์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€“ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žก์Œ์ด์žˆ๋Š” AC ๋ผ์ธ ์ „์› ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ „์›์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์žˆ๋Š” "๊นจ๋—ํ•œ"ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ DC๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žก์Œ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ.
  • ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€“ ์ถฉ์ „์‹ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„์—์„œ ์ „์› ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ํœด๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์†์‰ฌ์šด ๊ต์ฒด โ€“ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ์—ด ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ฒด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ AC ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” AC ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ
  • ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ€“ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ „์›์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์› (์˜ˆ : 120VAC, 240VAC, 12VDC ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์‹œ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ ์žฌ๊ณ , ์œ ํ†ต, ๋ฐ ์ธ์ฆ - ํŒ๋งค ๋ฐ ์ „์›์˜ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœํ•˜๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ œํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ž ์ œํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณดํ—˜์—…์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” TECHNISCHER รœberwachungsverein . ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์› ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋งŒ ์ œ์กฐ, ๋น„์ถ• ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋ฉด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ) ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€).
  • ์ •์ „์••์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์™€ ๋žฉํ†ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌธ์ œ์ 

๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ AC ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” "ํŒŒ์›Œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ"์ธ๋ผ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ, ๋ถˆํŽธ, ๋‚ญ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•ด์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [3] ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž ํ’์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ Douglas Adams ๋Š” ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ํ•œํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [4]

๋Šฅ๋ฅ 

์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ AC ์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์žฅ๋น„์™€์˜ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค๋…„ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The issue of inefficiency of some power supplies has become well known, with U.S. president George W. Bush referring in 2001 to such devices as "Energy Vampires".[5] Legislation is being enacted in the EU and a number of U.S. states, to reduce the level of energy wasted by some of these devices. Such initiatives include standby power and the One Watt Initiative.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ [ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ? ] ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์  ์ธ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ €์ „๋ ฅ (์˜ˆ : ์†Œํ˜• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜ )์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์–‘์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1 % ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [ ์ธ์šฉ ํ•„์š” ]

์†Œํ˜• ์ „์ž ์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ด ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ฃผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” 2002 ๋…„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ด 20 ~ 75 %์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „์›์„ ์ผฐ์ง€ ๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค์ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํž˜. SMPS ( Switched-Mode Power Supply )๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ 80-90 % ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2002 ๋…„์— ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ „์ž ์žฅ์น˜์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ์ธ "๋ฒฝ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€"์ „์› ์–ด๋Œ‘ํ„ฐ ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ์„ค๊ณ„ ์˜€์„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๋น„์— ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

External supplies are usually left plugged in even when not in use, and consume from a few watts to 35 watts of power in that state. The report concluded that about 32 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year, about 1% of total electrical energy consumption, could be saved in the United States by replacing all linear power supplies (average efficiency 40โ€“50%) with advanced switching designs (efficiency 80โ€“90%), by replacing older switching supplies (efficiencies of less than 70%) with advanced designs (efficiency of at least 80%), and by reducing standby consumption of supplies to not more than 1 watt.[6]

Since the report was published, SMPSs have indeed replaced linear supplies to a great extent, even in wall warts. The 2002 report estimated that 6% of electrical energy used in the U.S. "flows through" power supplies (not counting only the wall warts). The website where the report was published said in 2010 that despite the spread of SMPSs, "today's power supplies consume at least 2% of all U.S. electricity production. More efficient power supply designs could cut that usage in half".[7]

Since wasted electrical energy is released as heat, an inefficient power supply is hot to the touch, as is one that wastes power without an electrical load. This waste heat is itself a problem in warm weather, since it may require additional air conditioning to prevent overheating, and even to remove the unwanted heat from large supplies.

Universal power adapters

A six-way connector on a "universal" DC power supply, consisting of a four-way X connector and two separate individual connectors (one is the nine-volt battery connector). The X-connector here provides 3.5 and 2.5 mm phone plugs and two sizes of coaxial power connector

External power adapters can fail, and can become separated from the product they are intended to power. Consequently, there is a market for replacement adapters. The replacement must match input and output voltages, match or exceed current capability, and be fitted with a matching connector. Many electrical products are poorly labeled with information concerning the power supply they require, so it is prudent to record the specifications of the original power supply in advance, to ease replacement if the original is later lost. Careful labeling of power adapters can also reduce the likelihood of a mixup which could cause equipment damage.

Some "universal" replacement power supplies allow output voltage and polarity to be switched to match a range of equipment.[8] With the advent of switch-mode supplies, adapters which can work with any voltage from 110 VAC to 240 VAC became widely available; previously either 100โ€“120 VAC or 200โ€“240 VAC versions were used. Adapters which can also be used with motor vehicle and aircraft power (see EmPower) are available.[9]

Four-way X connectors or six-way star connectors, also known as spider connectors, with multiple plug sizes and types are common on generic power supplies. Other replacement power supplies have arrangements for changing the power connector, with four to nine different alternatives available when purchased in a set. RadioShack sells universal AC adapters of various capacities, branded as "Enercell Adaptaplug", and fitted with two-pin female sockets compatible with their Adaptaplug connector lineup. This allows many different configurations of AC adapters to be put together, without requiring soldering. Philmore and other competing brands offer similar AC adapters with interchangeable connectors.

The label on a power supply may not be a reliable guide to the actual voltage it supplies under varying conditions. Many low-cost power supplies are "unregulated", in that their voltage can change considerably with load. If they are lightly loaded, they may put out much more than the nominal "name plate" voltage, which could damage the load. If they are heavily loaded, the output voltage may droop appreciably, in some cases well below the nominal label voltage even within the nominal rated current, causing the equipment being supplied to malfunction or be damaged. Supplies with linear (as against switched) regulators are heavy, bulky, and expensive.

Modern switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) are smaller, lighter, and more efficient. They put out a much more constant voltage than unregulated supplies as the input voltage and the load current vary. When introduced, their prices were high, but by the early 21st century the prices of switch-mode components had dropped to a degree which allowed even cheap supplies to use this technology, saving the cost of a larger and heavier mains-frequency transformer.

Auto-sensing adapters

Some universal adapters automatically set their output voltage and maximum current according to which of a range of interchangeable tips is fitted; tips are available to fit and supply appropriate power to many notebook computers and mobile devices. Different tips may use the same connector, but automatically supply different power; it is essential to use the right tip for the apparatus being powered, but no switch needs to be set correctly by the user. The advent of switch-mode power supplies has allowed adapters to work from any AC mains supply from 100 to 240 V with an appropriate plug; operation from standard 12 V DC vehicle and aircraft supplies can also be supported. With the appropriate adapter, accessories, and tips, a variety of equipment can be powered from almost any source of power.

A "Green Plug" system has been proposed, based on USB technology, by which the consuming device would tell the external power supply what kind of power is needed.[10]

Laptop charger

External switched mode power supply for a laptop by Hewlett Packard

In early laptop computers, the power supply units were internal like in desktop computers. To facilitate portability by sparing physical space and reducing the weight, power supply units were externalized.[11]

When a laptop computer is operated while recharging, the integrated circuitry which controls the charging makes use of a power supply unit's remaining electrical current capacity. This allows supplying the device's components with power during usage while maintaining an uncompromised constant charging speed.

Use of USB

Common sizes of USB AC adapters

The USB connector (and voltage) has emerged as a de facto standard in low-power AC adapters for many portable devices. In addition to serial digital data exchange, the USB standard also provides 5 VDC power, up to 500 mA (900 mA over USB 3.0). Numerous accessory gadgets ("USB decorations") were designed to connect to USB only for DC power and not for data interchange. The USB Implementers Forum in March, 2007 released the USB Battery Charging Specification which defines, "...limits as well as detection, control and reporting mechanisms to permit devices to draw current in excess of the USB 2.0 specification for charging ...".[12] Electric fans, lamps, alarms, coffee warmers, battery chargers, and even toys have been designed to tap power from a USB connector. Plug-in adapters equipped with USB receptacles are widely available to convert 120 VAC or 240 VAC power or 12 VDC automotive power to 5 VDC USB power (see photo at right).

The trend towards more-compact electronic devices has driven a shift towards the micro-USB and mini-USB connectors, which are electrically compatible in function to the original USB connector but physically smaller.

In 2012, a USB Power Delivery Specification was proposed to standardize delivery of up to 100 watts, suitable for devices such as laptop computers that usually depend on proprietary adapters.

Standards

The ITU published Recommendation ITU-T L.1000, "Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices", which specifies a charger similar in most respects to that of the GSMA/OMTP proposal and to the European Common external power supply. The ITU recommendation was expanded and updated in June, 2011.[13] The hope is to markedly reduce the profusion of non-interchangeable power adapters.

The European Union defined a Common external power supply for "hand-held data-enabled mobile phones" (smartphones) sold from 2010, intended to replace the many incompatible proprietary power supplies and eliminate waste by reducing the total number of supplies manufactured. Conformant supplies deliver 5 VDC via a micro-USB connector, with preferred input voltage handled ranging from 90 to 264 VAC.

In 2006 Larry Page, a founder of Google, proposed a 12 V and up to 15 A standard for almost all equipment requiring an external converter, with new buildings fitted with 12 VDC wiring, making external AC-to-DC adapter circuitry unnecessary.[14][15]

IEC has created a standard for interchangeable laptop power supplies, IEC 62700 (full name "IEC Technical Specification 62700: DC Power supply for notebook computer"), which was published on February 6, 2014.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lee, Richard M.L. "U.S. Patent 5245220". USPTO. Google Patents.
  2. ^ Article on capacitor ESR and its effects
  3. ^ Morrison, David. "Survey Finds Consumers Grow Weary of Wall Warts". Power Electronics Technology. Penton Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  4. ^ Adams, Douglas. "Dongly things". douglasadams.com. The Digital Village, Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  5. ^ Bush Takes Aim at "Wall Warts" Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine โ€“ Extreme Tech article
  6. ^ Calwell, Chris and Travis Reeder (2002), Power Supplies: A Hidden Opportunity for Energy Savings, Natural Resources Defense Council, pp. 4โ€“9. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  7. ^ Efficiency of Power Supplies in the Active Mode
  8. ^ Computer Times: 2006 review of a satisfactory third-party universal AC adapter Archived 2014-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Andrew Ku (September 2, 2011). "Universal Laptop Power Adapters For The Air, Road, And Wall". Tom's Hardware.
  10. ^ Green Plug tries to replace the worry warts Engadget May 2008
  11. ^ https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/slideshow/353969/gallery-25-years-toshiba-laptops/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ "USB-IF Enhances Battery Charging Capabilities with New Spec" (PDF). 2007-04-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
  13. ^ "Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices". International Telecommunications Union. 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  14. ^ Markoff, John (September 26, 2006). "Google to Push for More Electrical Efficiency in PC's". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  15. ^ Alter, Lloyd. "Google Pushes for PC Electrical Efficiency; Side Effect: No More Wall-Warts". treehugger.com. Discovery Communications, Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  16. ^ Dixon-Warren, Sinjin (16 July 2019). "AC Adapters: GaN, SiC or Si?". EE Times. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

External links

" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AC_adapter&oldid=989855026 " ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํ•จ